Heres How to Conjugate Partager (to Share) in French

Concussions On Pro Sports Concussions - 1484 Words

Concussions in Pro Sports David Duerson’s family, the family of a legend, found Duerson dead in his home, with a self-inflicted gunshot wound in the chest (Bartholet). Duerson had won two championship rings, named first team All-Pro by three sources, received the NFL Man of the Year Award, and held an NFL record for 19 years (Bartholet). So why would this amazing man with a life of accomplishments commit suicide? Doctors wanted to find out. Duerson had sent his family a text message that he wanted his brain to be donated to research for concussions caused by professional football. In his final months, Duerson had complained to his family about his declining mental state. After his death, researchers found that Duerson had a disease found in many ex-professional football players, known as chronic traumatic encephalopathy, caused by concussions (Bartholet). Concussions are becoming more and more common in professional athletes. Concussions can weaken a team, take athletes out of games, and even end athletic careers. They can also cause permanent disabilities and disease that cannot be cured. Professional sports leagues/organizations are receiving lawsuits and complaints about the growing amount of head injuries. Many athletes and fans want organizations such as the NFL or NHL to make rule changes to prevent concussions. Football being one of the leading causes of concussions, along with women s soccer and men s hockey, the NFL is often the target of complaints and lawsuitsShow MoreRelatedConcussions On Football : Is It Worth It?928 Words   |  4 PagesConcussions in Football: Is it worth it? There’s no doubt that concussions in football has become a major problem, not just for the professional athletes, but for kids of all ages from age 8 to 19. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has shown that concussion have doubled in the last decade and The American Academy of Pediatrics says that, â€Å"emergency room visits for concussions in children ages 8 to 13 years old has doubled, and concussions have risen 200 percent among teens ages 14 toRead MoreConcussions And Its Effects On Sports1195 Words   |  5 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Concussions in Sports   Ã‚  Ã‚   Concussions in sports are a very serious subject, including it’s recovery and prevention. Concussions have affected many athletes and even normal people and too many concussions could end up having serious consequences later on in life. Sports leagues and doctors should be taking more precaution in making sure everyone stays safe and healthy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Concussions are a very big health problem in sports in the modern era and is now beingRead MorePros And Cons Of Tackle Football1161 Words   |  5 Pagestackle football is a popular sport for children today but this sport can have pros and cons. One of the most controversial sport that a child can play is tackle football. Tackle football is a full contact sport. In any full contact sport, there are risks like concussions, injuries and the lasting effects of those injures. There are also pros in playing this sport like teamwork, sportsmanship, character, and exercise. Youth football can also have psychological pros and cons that can affect theRead MoreConcussions Are Becoming Less Of An Issue Essay1598 Words   |  7 PagesConcussions are becoming less of an issue due to better procedures and management. Many kids who are into contact sports will receive a concussion at some point in their career. This became a serious issue around the early 1990s and is now one of the most serious issues in today s sports. The main concern is trying to know when kids are ready to get back onto the field. Coaches, doctors, and parents are getting worried about the safety of their kids and are skeptical about letting them continueRead MoreInformative Speech NFL Concussions Essay792 Words   |  4 Pagesthe NFL 2. Thesis Statement a. Football is a hard-hitting sport and can cause concussions, head injuries, and even permanent brain damage. 3. Preview of the main points a. Concussions can be defined as â€Å"by immediate and transient alteration in brain function, including alteration of mental status and level of consciousness, resulting from mechanical force or trauma.† b. Concussions have been a major problem in many physical sports and policies have been put into place to try and protect athletesRead MoreThe Popularity Of Pro Football969 Words   |  4 PagesThe popularity of pro football has jumped in recent years compared to other sports in the States, such as pro basketball and major league baseball. During my time as a kid I always thought that being in the NFL was the most amazing thing. But as time has caught up with me certain things have made me wonder if it’s worth it. Athletes in the NFL make millions, but they also endure certain life problems, which we, as fans, don’t see, to include injuries such as concussions, ACL tears, financial problemsRead MorePlay Sports : The Effects Of ALS And CTE1209 Words   |  5 Pageschild play contact sports. Most of which have suffered from this play sports such as football, baseball, and hockey. ALS and CTE both can be caused by just a simple hit in the head are becoming more and mor e current as time goes. They don’t work the same but have similar symptoms throughout the body. Both diseases are deadly and cause a lot of damage to the body. Now CTE and ALS have been more common and have people wondering whether sports rules should change or not. Contact sports rules shouldn’tRead MoreChronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Essay1267 Words   |  6 Pagescontact sports and it is growing at an alarming rate. With the size and speed of today’s athletes, the sports of football and hockey have become more exciting, fast paced, wide open, and fun to watch. However, there is another consequence of these ever growing athletes on their sports. They have made the collisions in them increasingly more violent. The velocity that these athletes hurl themselves through the air has created an atmosphere that could not have been imagined when these sports were createdRead MoreConcussions in Football Essay1381 Words   |  6 PagesCONCUSSIONS IN FOOTBALL 1 Effects of Concussions in Football CONCUSSIONS IN FOOTBALL 2 Football has become the most popular sport in America. Boys start playing at the age of 6 and, if they turn pro, could play into their 30’s or even 40’s. Some people will say, â€Å"They know what they’re signing up for† or â€Å"The players choose to play the game†. Just because they may choose to play the game, does that mean that they don’t deserve the very best protectionRead MoreHcss Essay1674 Words   |  7 PagesShould Athletes be Aware of ALS, CTE, and Concussions? Athletes who wonder what the effects of a certain contact sport they are playing should learn the risk that are involved with the certain contact sport. Athletes need to learn about ALS which stands for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and how it attacks their fatal organs and their muscles that allow them to walk and move. They should also learn about CTE, which stands for chronic traumatic encephalopathy, and how it attacks the patients brain

Walt Disney Corporation Essay - 2613 Words

Walt Disney, the creator of the Walt Disney Company, was famous for his ideas. He was named â€Å"an idea man† because of his ability to think of great ideas. His ideas are what ultimately allowed him to be successful in his career. Disney started his career as a hands-on cartoonist, but as his company grew, he became a full time manager, organizer, inspirer and innovator. Disney was often called a conceptual innovator because of his ability to simplify problems by synthesizing old ideas in ways that no one had ever thought of before. Disney often inspired himself by past works and sometimes borrowed ideas and ended up coming up with new and bold ideas. He would then make plans to achieve these ideas, and delegated the work accordingly to†¦show more content†¦It is this attitude towards success that started to gave Disney his edge. Developing Innovation It wasn’t until the 1920’s until Disney found his real edge against his competition. The New York Shop of Max and Dave Fleischer which created cartoons such as Betty Boop and Popeye was Disney’s main competitor. During this time, the technology of sound was emerging and Disney saw great potential. He innovated a way to synchronize sound and action which spawned â€Å"Steamboat Willie.† That movie propelled Disney way ahead of his competitors and ever since then, Disney spent his career looking for the technology edge. One of Disney’s greatest assets was his work ethic. He often worked until midnight and demanded the same of his employees. However, Disney created a corporate campus with airy rooms and air conditioning along with top furniture. He always encouraged pranks among the staff and having a good laugh was important to the culture. Another one of Disney’s greatest assets was his ability to reinvent himself. When the success of â€Å"S now White† occurred, Disney’s employees had high expectations that Disney could not fulfill. His employees went on strike and Disney became shattered. Out of the darkness, Disney reinvented himself and started his inspiration and ideas for Disneyland and emerged himself into the development of theme parks. Disney was often criticized as being unoriginal because his cartoons tended to be simplified versions of earlier works.Show MoreRelatedThe Walt Disney Corporation1518 Words   |  7 PagesThe Walt Disney Corporation was founded in 1923 under the name Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio by brothers Walt and Roy Disney. The company brandished its current name in 1986 after the death of Walt Disney (1). This company like other large conglomerates has a vice grip on the flow of information that reaches consumers like you and me. Some people believe that having these corporations constricting our access to information leads to a generation of uninformed people, but in the day and age when anybodyRead MoreThe Walt Disney Corporation1698 Words   |  7 PagesThe Walt Disney Corporation is a well-known entertainment industry that has been around since 1923. Disney has always been geared towards the production of popular culture for children and youth. Mà ¼ller-Hartmann suggests that â€Å"the animated films with their cute animations and music are especially important†¦since they speak directly to the emotions and thus, the sub-conscious. [Animation] works its audience magic purely on a purely subconscious level† (401). According to Towbin et al., â€Å"children’sRead MoreThe Walt Disney Corporation: the Entertainment King1230 Words   |  5 PagesThe Original Disney Company (pre-1984) Walt Disney set a vision for the company – to provide wholesome family entertainment. Everything that the company did was aligned to this vision and corporate philosophy. The key ingredient that fueled the success of Walt Disney Company was its ability to create new, unique cartoon characters that had universal appeal. Over the years, Disney did a great job in bringing these characters to life, and kept introducing new characters that further solidifiedRead MoreTalking to the Mouse: The Walt Disney Corporation Essay2071 Words   |  9 Pagesdoing new things, because were curious...and curiosity keeps leading us down new paths.† ― Walter Elias Disney The Walt Disney Corporation has kept this curiosity as its drive for over 50 years. Disney is one of the most famous and successful entertainment and retail companies in the world. Disney was founded on October 16, 1923, by Walt Disney and Roy O. Disney under the name of Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio. It first became famous as a leading organization in the American animation industryRead MoreEssay about Organizational Culture in Walt Disney Corporation1677 Words   |  7 PagesBUS 100W 10/24/12 Walt Disney: Organizational Culture Disney as a company first started as an animated film industry in October 16th, 1932. They were originator of the infamous cartoon Mickey Mouse that put them on the market. From then on Walt Disney became one of the biggest animated film companies. Through the years Walt Disney developed a theme of â€Å"to bring happiness to all† through â€Å"magic† and Disney’s team of creative and innovative people would continue Walt Disney Company as it is todayRead MoreDevelopment of Media Conglomerates by the Example of the Walt Disney Corporation2519 Words   |  11 PagesDevelopment of Media Conglomerates by the example of the Walt Disney Corporation Within the last century the media industry in the United States was subject to a major change. Starting in the 1940ies, mainly evoked by the development of the television, the industry changed from the so called studio era1 to the television broadcasting era2. Through the development of television sets it became a lot cheaper for the Americans to watch television at home, than going out to a movie theater or auto theatreRead MoreWalt Disney s Influence On The Entire World927 Words   |  4 PagesElias â€Å"Walt† Disney, sound familiar? Even though he was a very famous innovator and pioneer, Walt is known for many different things. He and his brother Roy co-founded Walt Disney Productions, which is one of the best known motion-picture production companies in the entire world. Walt Disney was also the founder of theme parks Disneyland and Walt Disney World. Walt Disney was born on December 5, 1901, In Chicago, Illinois. His father was Elias Disney and his mother was Flora Call Disney. DisneyRead MoreThe Animated M A Life Of Walt Disney1451 Words   |  6 Pagesfamous entrepreneur of all time went by the name of Walt Disney. This man was able to change so many people’s outlook on animation and films. He is known for creating the famous cartoon character Mickey Mouse. Several have watched Walt Disney films soar beyond the horizon, but what they do not know is the hardships and struggles Disney had to surpass to reach success. The book â€Å"The Animated Man: A Life of Walt Disney† portrays the long road that Walt traveled. Most books tend to only highlight theRead MoreMovie Analysis : Snow White And The Seven Dwarfs1697 Words   |  7 PagesThrough Disney animations Walt Disney has cultivated a society driven by stereotypes on gender roles that have restricted the liberties of young girls and boys alike to explore the ir own individuality. Disney s brilliance transcended beyond his ability to captivate an audience, his true talent resided within his ability to leave a direct impact on his viewers. As the prominent academic Jack Zipes puts it, The power of Disney s fairytale films does not reside in the uniqueness or novelty of theRead MoreWalt Disney Biography Essay1641 Words   |  7 Pagestrue, Walt Disney. Disney made a reputation of brilliance and [t]he combination of Disneys desire to try new techniques and his striving to make a better product set him apart from most other animators (Nardo 25). How could anyone forget classics like Mickey Mouse, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Fox and the Hound, the Little Mermaid, and many more all created by Disney? He created a cast of memorable animated and live-action characters that have been forever associated with the Disney name

Neurodegenerative Diseases

Question: Write an essay on Neurodegenerative Diseases. Answer: Introduction: Neurodegenerative diseases are chronic and fatal illnesses that affect most of activities of human being. This group includes diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson', huntington's and CZJ disease etc. Most of neurodegenerative disease in humans is caused by protein misfolding and aggregation. Proteins and its folding: Proteins are the molecules which control our most vital cellular functions in the human body. To function properly, a protein must first fold into its stable three-dimensional structure, sometimes tertiary and quaternary conformations (Dill and MacCallum, 2012). Fig 1A. Figure 1A: 3-D Showing structure of folded protein. Protein composed of mainly 100-600 amino acids in the polypepetide chain. To decrease size of folded, large protein are divided into domains which are fold seperately. Inside of cell, structure is complex and it contained proteins and other macromolecules (Christopher M., 2004). The mechanics behind folding process is thermodynamically driven by hydrophobic effect. As water removes from one amino acid, while reacting with another and forms a hydrophobic core, as hydrophilic site of amino acids remain at the surface. Thus, bigger size protein collapse into a globular structure, which results in reduction of conformation (Figure 1B). During rearrangement step correct amino acid are attached which form protein with most stable and biologically active conformation. Additional factors are responsible witjin the cell which assist in the folding process, folding catalysts and molecular chaperones (Hartl U., 2010). Figure 1B: Showing compaction of protein. To make biologically active, protein need unique 3-D structure which is acquired by the folding process. A small mistake while folding process, resulted in misfolding of protein structure, which can be dangerous. However, inside the cell, conditions are highly sticky, therefore there is problem in folding protein by themselves and requires additional help from special kind of protein called chaperons (Tapan K., 2006). Chaperones: Molecular chaperons assist other protein to achieve active 3-D conformation, this preventing misfolding and aggregation of protein during folding, thus increasing the folding efficiency and decreases unwanted intermediated which lead to damaged protein (e.g. aggregation). Protein sometimes cannot achieve stable state, due to occurrence of mutation in the amino acid sequence or may be due to error in folding step. This proteins are further called as misfolded protein because they went through degradation pathways. This type of proteins go through quality control system, which formed from molecular chaperons and ubiquitin proteasome system (Berke SJS., 2003). Quality control system plays a crucial role in the function and survival of cell. A class of chaperone is calnexin, forms a part of quality control system, which recognises abnormal folded proteins and removes distorted protein. Some class of quality control chaperone associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), e.g. calnexin and calreticulin, BiP and ERp 57 (Swanton E., 2003), which detect misfolded protein and retain them in endoplasmic reticulum and allow only correct protein to reach the cytosol. (Welch WJ., 2003). Ubiquitin proteasome pathway is important part of quality control in the cell. Disturbance in the UPP, caused misfold in the protein structure in the endoplasmic reticulum and thus function of enzyme is lost due to ubiquitin conjugation and deconjugation pathway. This alter the ubiquitin proteasome pathway and results in aggregation of protein in the cell. Aggregated protein forms an amyloid-like structure, which is a serious cause of different types of degenerative diseases (Berke SJS., 2003 and Tapan K., 2006). Protein misfolding disorders: Protein misfolding and aggregation is an important problem. During synthesis of protein, when protein fails to folds correctly, protein lost its biological function. This happened because of mutation in the amino acid sequence. The disease related to this problem are cystic fibrosis, Alzheimer's disease, p53 cancer and Parkinson's disease (table no. 1). Table no. 1: Showing various diseases related to protein misfolding and aggregation. Protein misfolding disorders occurs because of mutation in the polypeptide chain. Misfolded protein caused loss of biological function in cystic fibrosis or harmful gain in function as in neurodegenerative disease. Proteins aggregates sometimes converted into fibrilliar structure contain with plenty of H bonds, which is insoluble. These protein aggregates are known as amyloids and its deposition is in plaque like structure form. Diseases related to protein misfolding and aggregation: From last two decades, protein misfolding is research topic for most of the researchers. As according to Susan Lindquist, protein misfolding is related to many half of the human disease, e.g. P53 mediated cancer also related to misfolding protein. Many cancers and protein folding diseases are due to mutation in protein. Structural changes causes aggregation of protein, thus result in toxicity and cell death. According to chaperone overload hypothesis, with aging, misfolded proteins gets accumulated that prevents molecular chaperone to repair mutation in the polypeptide chain, which might causes disease. According to study, result showed that yield of stable protein from refolding is low, as intermediates forms between folding reaction (Csermely P., 2001). These stable folded intermediates are known as off pathway intermediates, which forms insoluble aggregates, that may be a serious cause of different degenerative diseases. Main cause of most protein conformation disease is formation of aggregates caused by destability in alpha helical structure and side by side formation of beta sheets. Beta sheet forms between alternative peptide strands. Peptide strands are linked by H bond between aligned pleated structure. Thus, pleated strand linked to another with beta linkage. This beta linkage are donor sites which bind to pleated sheet and beta sheet of next is acceptor site (Fig. 2) (Tapan K., 2006). Figure 2: showing amyloid formation. Amyloid formation causes many degenerative disorders: Chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorders are characterised by loss of neurons in motor and sensory area. Occurrence of brain lesions is most common feature among neurodegenerative disorders, which are formed by the accumulation of misfolded or aggregated proteins. Some of the examples related to aggregation are, Alzheimer's disease which is neurodegenerative disorder of brain in elders, which causes impaired behaviour and loss of memory. This occurs due to A and fibilliar tangles deposition in the extracellular areas of the brain. This A proteins deposit in the hippocampus, disturbing neural network and results in cell death and memory loss. These aggregates are called as amyloids. They are formed from small, mild mis folded protein called soluble oligomers and is highly toxic misfolded protein (fig. 3) (Hartl U., 2010). Figure 3: Showing cross section of normal and Alzheimers brain. In Parkinson;'s disease protein gets collected in the intracellular spaces. It is characterised by muscle rigidity, posture instability and tremors while resting. The main cause of heredity disorder is mutation (Fig. 4). In variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob syndrome disease may be because of conformation change from alpha helix wild protein PrPc gene to beta sheet dominant PrPSc gene, which lead to protein misfolding and aggregation. Figure 4: Structure of amyloid fibrils deposited in the neurons in parkinson's disease. Protein misfolding caused lack of biological functions which leads to fatal disease: 1- antitrypsin deficiency main reason is mutation, this is done by single base pair substitution (Gul342-Lys) in the gene. Protein misfolding during synthesis of protein, initiated polymerisation reaction, this lead to protein aggregates with in the cell. 1- antitrypsin (serpin) is a proteolytic inhibitor enzyme with serine amino acid in its active site, binds to proteinase target molecule and and caused conformation changes in the molecule. Therefore, there is an aggregation of protein, which occurred through beta sheet interaction with another serpin molecule. The beta strands blocker prevent this aggregation of proteins. The p53 cancer is also example of misfolding disorders. P53 is a tumor suppressor protein, also called as sequence specific transcription factor, which maintain genomic integrity. It occurs through mutation in the gene. In normal condition, p53 levels are low, but after mutation when DNA gets damage, the levels of p53 rises. The function of p53 is that, it binds to regulatory sites, and starts producing protein that stops cell division and this keeps on working until, the damaged DNA gets repaired. If damaged is severe than, it initiates programmed cell death or apoptosis, thus completely removal of damaged DNA. When mutation occurs, it loses it biological function and caused cancer ((Tapan K., 2006). Reference: 1. Agorogiannis EI. (2004). Protein misfolding in neurodegenerative diseases. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 30(3):215-24.2. Berke SJS. (2003). Protein aggregation and the ubiquitin proteasome pathway: gaining the UPPer hand on neurodegeneration. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 13: 253-261.3. Chaudhuri TK, Paul S. (2006). Protein-misfolding diseases and chaperone-based therapeutic approaches. FEBS J. 273(7):1331-49.4. Christopher M. (2004). Principles of protein folding, misfolding and aggregation. Seminars in Cell Developmental Biology. 15: 3-16.5. Csermely P. (2001). Chaperone overload is a possible contributor to civilization diseases'. Trends Genet. 17: 701-704.6. Dill K. A., MacCallum J. L. (2012). The protein-folding problem, 50 years on. Science 338, 1042-1046.7. Ellis RJ Pinheiro TJ (2002) Danger - misfolding proteins. Nature. 416: 483-484.8. Gao X. (2008). Quality control of the proteins associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin. 40(7):612-8.9. Gomes CM. (2012 ). Protein misfolding in disease and small molecule therapies. Curr Top Med Chem. 12(22):2460-9.10. Hartl U. (2010). file:///C:/Users/Kalpana%20Singh/Desktop/bm10_Proteinfolding-basetext.pdf.11. Hartl FU. (2011). Molecular chaperones in protein folding and proteostasis. Nature. 475(7356):324-32.12. Julie S. (2014). Mechanisms of protein-folding diseases at a glance. Dis Model Mech. 7(1): 9-14.13. Muchowski PJ. (2002). Protein misfolding, amyloid formation, and neurodegeneration: a critical role for molecular chaperones. Neuron. 35(1). Pp. 9-12.14. Pietzsch J. The importance of protein folding. https://www.nature.com/horizon/proteinfolding/background/importance.html.15. Protein Folds and Protein Fold Classification. https://www.proteinstructures.com/Structure/Structure/protein-fold.html.16. Protein Folding and Processing. The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 2nd edition. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9843/.17. Soto C. (2003). Unfolding the role of protein misfolding in neurodegene rative diseases. Nat Rev Neurosci. 4. Pp. 49-60.18. Soto C. (2013). Protein Misfolding in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Journal of Neurology Translational Neuroscience. https://www.jscimedcentral.com/Neuroscience/Articles/neuroscience-1-1010.pdf.19. Swanton E. (2003). Role of calnexin in the glycan-independent quality control of proteolipid protein. EMBO J. 22: 2948-2958.20. Tapan K. (2006). Protein-misfolding diseases and chaperone-based therapeutic approaches. FEBS Journal. 273: 1331-1349.21. Welch WJ. (2003). Role of quality control pathways in human diseases involving protein misfolding. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 15: 31-38.